Jowett, Adam; Peel, Elizabeth (2019). "Reshaping relational scripts? Marriage and civil partnership proposals among same-gender couples". Psychology & Sexuality. 10 (4): 1. doi:10.1080/19419899.2019.1645726. S2CID 202264087. Tradition dictates that men are expected to play the active role of initiating the proposal, while women are expected to adopt a passive and reactive role (Schweingruber, Anahita, & Berns, 2004). Although in some European countries – such as Finland and Ireland – there is the custom that women are permitted to propose during a leap year, this is the exception that proves the cultural rule.